The Book of Shmuel
Yeshivat Har Etzion

Shiur #05:  CHAPTER 2 (PART III)

THE PROPHECY OF THE MAN OF GOD (VERSES 27-36)

Rav Amnon Bazak

I. "LIGHT" AND "HEAVY"

Following the detailed description of the sins of the sons of Eli, the man of God now comes to Eli, bearing severe reproach and harsh tidings about the punishments that await his household. The man of God opens with a historic survey of the selection of the tribe of Levi:

And there came a man of God to Eli and said to him, Thus says the Lord, Surely I appeared[1] to the house of your father, when they were in Egypt in the house of Pharaoh.[2] And I chose him out of all the tribes of Israel to be My priest, to offer upon My altar, to burn incense, to wear an efod before Me. And I gave to the house of your father all the offerings made by fire of the children of Israel. (27-28)

            God assigned the tribe of Levi special roles that earned them distinguished rewards. The verse employs three personal pronouns to emphasize that the priest was chosen to serve as a worker before God: "To be My priest, to offer upon My altar, to burn incense, to wear an efod before Me." It is only by virtue of his role as God's minister that the priest receives a reward from Him, "All the offerings made by fire of the children of Israel." Eli's sons' taking of the meat by force and their father's feeble reproach impair this special privilege:

Wherefore do you kick at My sacrifice and at My offering, which I have commanded in My habitation, and honored your sons above Me, to make yourselves fat with the chiefest of all the offerings of Israel My people? (29)

            From a literary perspective, Scripture makes interesting use of the roots kuf-lamed-lamed (light, belittle) and kof-bet-dalet (heavy, honor) and of the word kavod. The man of God accuses Eli that with his silence, "he honored (vatikabed) his sons above Me." In response, God emphasizes that his intention to give the High Priesthood to the house of Eli for ever will not be realized, "for them that honor Me I will honor (mekhabdi akhabed), and they that despise Me shall be lightly esteemed (yekalu)" (verse 30). In the next chapter, God says to Eli that the severity of the punishment imposed on the house of Eli stems from the fact that Eli "knew that his sons were blaspheming (mekalelim), and he restrained them not" (3:13). In the end, Eli died "because he was an old man and heavy (kaved)" (4:18), and on that same day a grandson was born to him who was given a name that perpetuates what happened: "And she named the child I-Khavod, saying, Honor (kavod) is departed from Israel: because the ark of God was taken, and because of her father-in-law and her husband" (ibid. vv. 21-22).

            As was noted already in the previous lecture, the man of God makes no reference to the sexual offense of lying with the women who assembled at the Tent of Meeting, the sin that had brought Eli to reproach his sons. Thus, he emphasizes that this is not the worst of the sins committed by the sons of Eli. The focus of the reproach of the man of God relates to Eli's sons' great failure in administering the Mishkan service, the injury caused to the people of Israel, and its effect on the meaning of the world of priestly gifts.

II. CRIME AND PUNISHMENTS

The structure of the verses in this passage is complex and involved, but it is still possible to isolate three punishments:

1)         Premature death: "I will cut off your arm, and the arm of your father's house, that there shall not be an old man in your house… and there shall not be an old man in your house forever… and all the greater folk of your house shall die in the flower of their age" (vv. 31-33)

2)         Removal of the priesthood from the house of Eli - "I said indeed that your house, and the house of your father, should walk before Me forever;[3] but now the Lord says, Far be it from Me…" (v. 30) - and transferring it to another house, which will remain in that office during the period of the monarchy: "And I will raise Me up a faithful priest… and I will build him a sure house; and he shall walk before My anointed forever" (v. 35).

3)         The house of Eli will not be totally wiped out. A remnant of that house will survive, only to see how others have assumed their role: "And you shall see a rival in your habitation[4] enjoying all wealth which God shall give Israel" (v. 32); "And your descendants shall I not cut off from My altar, but they shall be there to consume your eyes, and to grieve your heart"[5] (v. 33). In the end that remnant will be forced to humiliate itself and plead before the priestly house that comes in its stead to provide it with some office so that it can survive: "And it shall come to pass, that everyone that is left in your house shall come and crouch to him for a piece of silver and a loaf of bread, and shall say, Put me, I pray you, into one of the priests' offices, that I may eat a piece of bread"[6] (v. 36).

How are we to understand these heavy punishments? They seem to point in the direction of "measure for measure." The removal of the priesthood stems, of course, from Eli's sons' failure to fill their roles in the appropriate manner. Leaving remnants who will see their rivals taking over their roles – that is, who will be forced to look up to their replacements from below – corresponds to the condescending and threatening manner in which Eli's sons had looked upon those who came to the Mishkan. And it is most fitting that he who had forcibly seized meat from those who came to the Mishkan should be forced to prostrate himself before others for a piece of bread.

The third and most severe punishment – the premature death of Eli's descendants – is more difficult to understand, for at first glance it bears no connection to the sins. On closer examination of the wording of the punishment, however, we see that what is emphasized is not so much that Eli's descendants will die young, but rather that no old men will be found among them: "I will cut off your arm, and the arm of your father's house, that there shall not be an old man in your house… and there shall not be an old man in your house forever." This punishment seems to be directed at Eli, about whom it had previously been said: "Now Eli was very old" (v. 22). Generally speaking, the role of the elders is to advise and guide in the way of God.[7] Since Eli failed to fulfill this role in his old age, his old age did not justify itself, and so in the manner of measure for measure it was decreed that "there shall not be an old man in your house."[8]

A sign is attached to these three penalties, which itself constitutes the beginning of the punishment: "And this shall be a sign to you, that shall come upon your two sons, on Chofni and Pinchas; in one day they shall die both of them" (v. 34). This sign will be the last message that Eli will receive, and thus he will die with the certain knowledge that the prophecy of doom will indeed come true. There is no doubt that we are dealing here with severe punishments, the likes of which are difficult to find anywhere else in Scripture. The severity of the punishments correspond to the severity of the sins, which was discussed at length in the previous lecture.

III. FULFILLMENT OF THE PROPHECY

The first stage in the realization of the prophecy is, as stated above, the appearance of the sign – the death of Chofni and Pinchas on the same day, in the war that brought about the destruction of Shilo (4:11-22). The next encounter with the house of Eli is merely to meet the continuation of the family dynasty. On the eve of Shaul's first war against the Pelishtim, we hear of a High Priest who was a descendant of Eli:

And Achiya, the son of Achituv, I-Khavod's brother, the son of Pinchas, the son of Eli, was the Lord's priest in Shilo, wearing an efod. (14:3)

            We learn from this that I-Khavod had an older brother, named Achituv, and that Achituv's son, Achiya, served as a priest in the time of Shaul. In the continuation, when David flees from Shaul, he reaches Nov, the city of priests, and there he receives help from the High Priest, Achimelekh the son of Achituv (22:11). For our purposes it makes no difference whether we are dealing with Achiya's brother, or whether Achiya and Achimelekh are one and the same person. In any event, Achimelekh's fate is decided by Shaul, who commands Doeg the Edomite to punish Achimelekh and his family for abetting David. Doeg destroys all the members of the family, except for one, who can then continue the punishment:

And Doeg the Edomite turned, and he fell upon the priests, and slew on that day eighty five persons that did wear a lined efod. And Nov, the city of the priests, he smote with the edge of the sword, both men and women, children and sucklings, and oxen, and asses, and sheep, with the edge of the sword. And one of the sons of Achimelekh the son of Achituv, named Evyatar escaped, and fled after David. (ibid. 18-20)

            Indeed, Evyatar continues to serve as High Priest, wearing the efod (23:6), and serves as King David's priest during his wanderings – until all of a sudden, another priest pushes him aside.[9] In the course of Avshalom's rebellion, while David is fleeing from Jerusalem, it suddenly becomes apparent that Evyatar is no longer the main priest:

And lo Tzadok also came, and all the Levites with him, bearing the ark of the covenant of God; and they set down the ark of God; and Evyatar went up, until all the people had finished passing out of the city. And the king said to Tzadok, Carry back the ark of God into the city… The king said to Tzadok the priest, Do you see? return into the city in peace, and your two sons with you, Achimaatz your son, and Yehonatan the son of Evyatar. (II Shemuel 15:24-27)

            We see from here that the main priest was Tzadok, Evyatar lagging behind him; David gives his instructions to Tzadok, even though they are directed at Evyatar as well. What brought about the change? Why did Tzadok seize the place of Evyatar? Scripture is quiet and doesn't explain. This is because it did not attach any importance to the direct reason for this pushing aside. The primary importance of the story lies in Evyatar's being pushed aside, as part of the realization of the prophecy delivered by the man of God to Eli.

            This story ends with the crowning of Adoniyahu, by which time Tzadok and Evyatar had already parted ways: Tzadok remained with Shelomo's supporters, whereas Evyatar joined Adoniyahu's camp.[10] Following Shelomo's rise to the throne (I Melakhim 2), the circle is finally closed, when the natural historical process becomes interlaced in the Divine process:

And to Evyatar the priest the king said, Get you to Anatot, to your own fields; for you are worthy of death: but I will not at this time put you to death, because you did bear the ark of the Lord God before David my father, and because you have been afflicted in all my father's afflictions. So Shelomo thrust Evyatar from being priest to the Lord; that he might fulfill the word of the Lord, which He spoke concerning the house of Eli in Shilo. (ibid. vv. 26-27)

IV. THE FAITHFUL PRIEST

Through the review of the events that led to the fulfillment of the prophecy of doom concerning the house of Eli, we have also learned the identity of "the faithful priest" mentioned in that prophecy, who was promised a "sure house."[11] Indeed, the descendants of Tzadok continue to serve as High Priests in later periods as well. A list of his descendants appears in I Divrei Ha-yamim 5:34-41, where mention is made of several important priests:

And Achituv begot Tzadok, and Tzadok begot Achimaatz. And Achimaatz begot Azarya, and Azarya begot Yochanan. And Yochanan begot Azarya (he it is who executed the priest's office in the Temple that Shelomo built in Jerusalem… And Seraya begot Yehotzadak, and Yehotzadak went into exile, when the Lord carried away Yehuda and Jerusalem in the hand of Nevukhadnetzar.

            Yehotzadak, one of the Tzadok's descendants, was the last High Priest to serve in the First Temple. His son, Yehoshua ben Yehotzadak, served as High Priest in the Second Temple (Zekharya 6:11). In the prophecy of Yechezkel (chap. 44), we find a positive attitude toward the descendants of Tzadok, who will continue to serve as High Priests in the future as well:

But the priests the Levites, the sons of Tzadok, that kept the charge of My sanctuary when the children of Israel went astray from Me, they shall come near to Me to minister to Me, and they shall stand before Me to offer to Me the fat[12] and the blood, says the Lord God. They shall enter into My sanctuary, and they shall come near to My table, to minister to Me, and they shall keep My charge. (Yechezkel 44:15-16)

            The conclusion of the tragic story of the house of Eli is connected then to hope and promise for the future. The promise brought in the prophecy of the man of God about the building of a "sure house" for the faithful priest recalls the promise made to David by Natan the prophet: "And your house and your kingdom shall be established for ever before you" (II Shemuel 7:16). Thus the faithful houses of Israel will serve side by side – the royal house of David and the priestly house of Tzadok.

(Translated by David Strauss)